Chronometer
Lineup of memorable dates in the history of Krasnogvardeysky District
1200
1300
1611
1703
1715
1721
1805
1861
1889
1911
1917
1941
1945
1965
1973
1985
2005
2020
2023
Everything from the history of Krasnogvardeisky district
1710
1719
1710
The Okhta Gunpowder Factory, founded in 1715, was not the first state-owned gunpowder factory in our region. A little earlier there was a factory on the Gorodskaya (now Petrogradskaya) side. It was called Zeleyny according to the common name of gunpowder - “potion”.
The time of foundation and location of the Zeleyny plant are not known. K. I. Kamenev drew attention to this fact in his “Historical description of the Okhtensky gunpowder plant”, which was published at the end of the XIX century. (The first chapter of the first part of this work is devoted to the establishment of state-owned gunpowder factories in St. Petersburg province). In the encyclopedia “St. Petersburg”, published in 2004, it is said that the Zeleyny plant was founded in 1710 in the north-western part of Beryozovy (now - Petrogradsky) Island, at the end of the sagebrush that ran from the crown of the fortress, now called Petropavlovskaya, to the shore of the Malaya Nevka, near the modern Bolshoy Krestovsky Bridge. However, toponymic experts hold a different point of view. In the book “St. Petersburg in Street Names” by A. G. Vladimirovich and A. D. Erofeev, published in 2009, and in the Big Toponymic Encyclopedia of St. Petersburg, 2013 edition, it is stated that the Zeleyny plant was located in the western part of Aptekarsky Island, and on the present-day Petrogradsky Island there was Zeleynaya Sloboda, where the workers of this plant lived. One way or another, but the enterprise was located near the mouth of Karpovka. It occupied a vast territory, which was surrounded by a palisade (according to other data, surrounded by a moat and a rampart).
If we believe the same encyclopedia “St. Petersburg”, the Zeleyny factory began its work in 1714. Initially, it processed substandard gunpowder imported from the Admiralty and other places, as there was a banal lack of sulfur for the production of its own gunpowder. In any case, this is how K. I. Kamenev explains such a narrow profile of the enterprise at that time. Soon a full-fledged production was established at the plant.
By the end of the XVIII century the St. Petersburg gunpowder factory ceased to justify itself. It posed a danger to the population of the growing capital, and it produced less and less gunpowder, mainly for “fun fires”, i.e. fireworks. In 1801 the Zeleyny factory was liquidated. Some of its equipment and personnel were transferred to the Okhta Gunpowder Factory.
Bolshaya Zelenina, Malaya Zelenina and Glukhaya Zelenina streets, whose names contain the transformed word “potion”, remind us of the fact that on the present-day Petrogradskaya side there once existed a Zeleyny factory and a sloboda attached to it. In the past, these streets were also Zeleny.
The time of foundation and location of the Zeleyny plant are not known. K. I. Kamenev drew attention to this fact in his “Historical description of the Okhtensky gunpowder plant”, which was published at the end of the XIX century. (The first chapter of the first part of this work is devoted to the establishment of state-owned gunpowder factories in St. Petersburg province). In the encyclopedia “St. Petersburg”, published in 2004, it is said that the Zeleyny plant was founded in 1710 in the north-western part of Beryozovy (now - Petrogradsky) Island, at the end of the sagebrush that ran from the crown of the fortress, now called Petropavlovskaya, to the shore of the Malaya Nevka, near the modern Bolshoy Krestovsky Bridge. However, toponymic experts hold a different point of view. In the book “St. Petersburg in Street Names” by A. G. Vladimirovich and A. D. Erofeev, published in 2009, and in the Big Toponymic Encyclopedia of St. Petersburg, 2013 edition, it is stated that the Zeleyny plant was located in the western part of Aptekarsky Island, and on the present-day Petrogradsky Island there was Zeleynaya Sloboda, where the workers of this plant lived. One way or another, but the enterprise was located near the mouth of Karpovka. It occupied a vast territory, which was surrounded by a palisade (according to other data, surrounded by a moat and a rampart).
If we believe the same encyclopedia “St. Petersburg”, the Zeleyny factory began its work in 1714. Initially, it processed substandard gunpowder imported from the Admiralty and other places, as there was a banal lack of sulfur for the production of its own gunpowder. In any case, this is how K. I. Kamenev explains such a narrow profile of the enterprise at that time. Soon a full-fledged production was established at the plant.
By the end of the XVIII century the St. Petersburg gunpowder factory ceased to justify itself. It posed a danger to the population of the growing capital, and it produced less and less gunpowder, mainly for “fun fires”, i.e. fireworks. In 1801 the Zeleyny factory was liquidated. Some of its equipment and personnel were transferred to the Okhta Gunpowder Factory.
Bolshaya Zelenina, Malaya Zelenina and Glukhaya Zelenina streets, whose names contain the transformed word “potion”, remind us of the fact that on the present-day Petrogradskaya side there once existed a Zeleyny factory and a sloboda attached to it. In the past, these streets were also Zeleny.
1720
1729
1722
In the summer of 1722, the first (wooden) church in the name of the prophet Elijah was consecrated on Porokhovye. The choice of the saint was not accidental. The fiery prophet, who prepared the altar for the descent of heavenly fire and ascended to heaven in flames, was, of course, the most suitable intercessor for the desperate boys and girls of Porokhovye.
Ilyinskaya church was not where it is now, but closer to Okhta, approximately on the place of the rectangular flowerbed. If we believe the drawing in the book about St. Petersburg by Andrei Ivanovich Bogdanov and Vasily Grigorievich Ruban (1779 edition), the church had two poppies with spires - above the main volume and in the western part, as, however, most of the temples of the Peter the Great times.
Ilyinskaya church was not where it is now, but closer to Okhta, approximately on the place of the rectangular flowerbed. If we believe the drawing in the book about St. Petersburg by Andrei Ivanovich Bogdanov and Vasily Grigorievich Ruban (1779 edition), the church had two poppies with spires - above the main volume and in the western part, as, however, most of the temples of the Peter the Great times.
1730
1739
1730
In 1730, St. Petersburg had a dry summer. The young capital was covered with smoke from the forests burning in the vicinity. St. Petersburg was then mostly wooden, and there was a threat of a big fire. In order to ward off trouble from the city, on Ilyin's Day (or the day before, on Ilyinskaya Friday) there was a procession to the Porokhovye, to the Ilyinskaya Church, where a prayer service was served to the fiery prophet. After the service there were heavy rains, which prevented the capital from going down in flames.
This made such a strong impression on Elizabeth Petrovna that later, already being Empress, she ordered from 1744 to hold such a procession every year, so as not to lose the support of the Old Testament saint.
There is information that this tradition was kept until the end of the 1760s, when the construction of the church of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God was completed, one of the side chapels of which was consecrated in the name of the Holy Prophet Elijah. (Nowadays this temple is known as the Vladimir Cathedral.) Allegedly, since then the processions from the city center to the Ilyinskaya Church on Porokhovye were no longer made. However, in I. A. Goncharov's novel “Oblomov”, which takes place in the XIX century, the processions to the Powder factories on Ilyinskaya Friday are mentioned several times. Mention of the procession to the Porokhovye on Ilyinskaya Friday can also be found in A. M. Remizov's story “The Sisters of the Cross”, which takes place in the early XX century.
This made such a strong impression on Elizabeth Petrovna that later, already being Empress, she ordered from 1744 to hold such a procession every year, so as not to lose the support of the Old Testament saint.
There is information that this tradition was kept until the end of the 1760s, when the construction of the church of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God was completed, one of the side chapels of which was consecrated in the name of the Holy Prophet Elijah. (Nowadays this temple is known as the Vladimir Cathedral.) Allegedly, since then the processions from the city center to the Ilyinskaya Church on Porokhovye were no longer made. However, in I. A. Goncharov's novel “Oblomov”, which takes place in the XIX century, the processions to the Powder factories on Ilyinskaya Friday are mentioned several times. Mention of the procession to the Porokhovye on Ilyinskaya Friday can also be found in A. M. Remizov's story “The Sisters of the Cross”, which takes place in the early XX century.
1790
1799
1796
Over the past three centuries, this estate has been called many names: Buturlina dacha, Zhernovka, Gavrilovka, Ekaterininskoe, Bezobrazov dacha... This variety of names is due to the frequent change of owners and the tradition of naming a land plot after the name of the owner.
At the beginning of the XVIII century, the lands on the left bank of the Okhta, between the Malinovka and Zhernovka rivers (these tributaries of the Okhta were filled in at the end of the 1970s), were known as Buturlina dacha. According to available data, they belonged to Ivan Ivanovich Buturlin, an associate of Peter the Great.
Later, under chamberlain Alexei Grigorievich Zherebtsov, the estate became known as Zhernovka. This name was given by the river flowing nearby.
Gavrilovka estate was named in the late XVIII century, when its actual owner became Gavriil Gerasimovich Donaurov, since 1798, who held the rank of actual state councilor.
The name “Ekaterininskoe” reminds of the time when the owner of the estate was Ekaterina Alexandrovna Sukhozanet, née Princess Beloselskaya-Belozerskaya.
In the 1860s the Bezobrazovs - Anna Ivanovna (maiden name Sukhozanet) and Nikolai Alexandrovich, chamberlain - became the owners of the estate. The estate was named Bezobrazovy dacha after the surname of this couple.
Nowadays the estate with such a rich history is more often called Zhernovka. However, on Google maps, unlike Yandex maps, it is listed as “Bezobrazov's Dacha”.
At the beginning of the XVIII century, the lands on the left bank of the Okhta, between the Malinovka and Zhernovka rivers (these tributaries of the Okhta were filled in at the end of the 1970s), were known as Buturlina dacha. According to available data, they belonged to Ivan Ivanovich Buturlin, an associate of Peter the Great.
Later, under chamberlain Alexei Grigorievich Zherebtsov, the estate became known as Zhernovka. This name was given by the river flowing nearby.
Gavrilovka estate was named in the late XVIII century, when its actual owner became Gavriil Gerasimovich Donaurov, since 1798, who held the rank of actual state councilor.
The name “Ekaterininskoe” reminds of the time when the owner of the estate was Ekaterina Alexandrovna Sukhozanet, née Princess Beloselskaya-Belozerskaya.
In the 1860s the Bezobrazovs - Anna Ivanovna (maiden name Sukhozanet) and Nikolai Alexandrovich, chamberlain - became the owners of the estate. The estate was named Bezobrazovy dacha after the surname of this couple.
Nowadays the estate with such a rich history is more often called Zhernovka. However, on Google maps, unlike Yandex maps, it is listed as “Bezobrazov's Dacha”.
1800
1809
1800
In the heyday of the estate, which today we call Utkina Dacha, its facilities included stables, barns, haylofts, cellars, and icehouses. The estate had greenhouses, vine and flower greenhouses, a large orchard with apple and cherry trees surrounded by a stone fence, and a landscape park. Flowers and apples were for sale.
By the way, there were a lot of apple trees in these places. Hence the names of the two villages that were located in the neighborhood of the estate: Bolshaya Yablonovka and Malaya Yablonovka. (In the 1930s a vegetable and berry state farm was established to the east of them.) These villages no longer exist, but their traces have been preserved in the local toponymy. Yablonovskiy and Bolshoy Yablonovskiy bridges crossed the Okkervil River, Malaya Yablonovka and Bolshaya Yablonovka streets stretched along it (on different banks), and Yablonovskiy garden was laid out.
By the way, there were a lot of apple trees in these places. Hence the names of the two villages that were located in the neighborhood of the estate: Bolshaya Yablonovka and Malaya Yablonovka. (In the 1930s a vegetable and berry state farm was established to the east of them.) These villages no longer exist, but their traces have been preserved in the local toponymy. Yablonovskiy and Bolshoy Yablonovskiy bridges crossed the Okkervil River, Malaya Yablonovka and Bolshaya Yablonovka streets stretched along it (on different banks), and Yablonovskiy garden was laid out.
1806
The elegant brick gate, known as the Alexander Gate, was probably not a gateway to the Okhta Gunpowder Factory. They had rather a symbolic meaning, which makes them similar to triumphal gates. There are reports that only the most important persons who wore golden epaulettes could pass through the Alexander Gate. For this reason they were also called Golden or Golden Epaulettes. However, the Alexander Gate had some functionality. In its turret hung a bell, the ringing of which announced the beginning and end of the working day at the factory.
1806
It is generally believed that the gate standing on the right bank of the Okhta River was named Alexander's Gate in honor of Alexander I. After the terrible explosion that occurred at the Okhta gunpowder factory on April 15, 1803, the emperor personally visited the site of the tragedy. He ordered to pay monetary benefits to the surviving workers and to assign pensions to the families of the victims. It must have been Alexander I who decided to thoroughly rebuild the factory. Such a difficult task was entrusted to the architect Fyodor Ivanovich Demertsov. He coped with the task brilliantly, and in 1805 gunpowder production at Okhta resumed. At the same time (or a year later) these brick gates were built according to Demertsov's design.
According to another, much less widespread, version, the gates were named Alexander's Gates much later, after the factory was rebuilt under Alexander II.
According to another, much less widespread, version, the gates were named Alexander's Gates much later, after the factory was rebuilt under Alexander II.
1810
1819
1812
The second stone church in Bolsheokhtinsky cemetery was laid on August 24, 1812. The funds for its construction were allocated by the St. Petersburg merchant Grigory Grigorievich Nikonov. According to his wish the church was erected “at the very entrance, at the gate, on the right hand”. It was adjacent to the Nikonovs' family burial place. The church cost Grigory Grigorievich 10 thousand rubles (he also gave money for the iconostasis, sacristy and utensils). Hence its folk name Nikonovskaya was born. On September 27, 1814 the church was consecrated in the name of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, the patron saint of sailors.
1817
Among the ships born at the Okhta shipyard (Okhta Admiralty) there are many outstanding and famous ones. For example, the beautiful frigate “Pallada”, built in the early 1830s, twenty years later under the command of Ivan Semyonovich Unkovsky visited Japan on a diplomatic mission. The diplomatic mission was headed by Evfimiy Vasilyevich Putyatin, whose secretary was Ivan Aleksandrovich Goncharov, who immortalized this voyage in the book of essays “Frigate Pallada”. The frigate “Archimedes”, launched in 1848, was the first screw steam ship in Russia. But it was the ships that circumnavigated the globe under the Russian flag that brought world fame to the enterprise at Cape Okhta. It was as if fate itself wanted the creation of ships for round-the-world voyages to become a kind of specialization of the Okhta shipbuilders.
Everything began with the sloop “Kamchatka”, which circumnavigated the globe under the command of Vasily Mikhailovich Golovnin in 1817-1819. The sloop “Vostok” was the flagship of the first Russian Antarctic circumnavigation expedition of 1819-1821 under the command of Faddey Faddeyevich Bellin(g)sgausen and Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev (the latter commanded the sloop “Mirny”). There is reason to believe that it was they who discovered the sixth continent - Antarctica. On the sloop “Senyavin” (the sloop “Moller”, also built at the Okhta shipyard; it was commanded by Mikhail Nikolaevich Stanyukovich) in 1826-1829 an expedition led by Fyodor Petrovich Litke circumnavigated the globe. It is believed that it was one of the most fruitful Russian circumnavigations.
These and other round-the-world ships from Cape Okhta have rightfully entered the history not only of the Russian fleet, but also of the entire world navigation.
Everything began with the sloop “Kamchatka”, which circumnavigated the globe under the command of Vasily Mikhailovich Golovnin in 1817-1819. The sloop “Vostok” was the flagship of the first Russian Antarctic circumnavigation expedition of 1819-1821 under the command of Faddey Faddeyevich Bellin(g)sgausen and Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev (the latter commanded the sloop “Mirny”). There is reason to believe that it was they who discovered the sixth continent - Antarctica. On the sloop “Senyavin” (the sloop “Moller”, also built at the Okhta shipyard; it was commanded by Mikhail Nikolaevich Stanyukovich) in 1826-1829 an expedition led by Fyodor Petrovich Litke circumnavigated the globe. It is believed that it was one of the most fruitful Russian circumnavigations.
These and other round-the-world ships from Cape Okhta have rightfully entered the history not only of the Russian fleet, but also of the entire world navigation.
1820
1829
1828
Until 1838 the estate, nowadays usually called Zhernovka, belonged to Sebastian (Sevastian) Venediktovich Kramer, a Narva merchant of the first guild, a member of the Free Economic Society. Alexander Pushkin was acquainted with one of his children, Mikhail.
We have no information that the poet visited Zhernovka. But it is known that in 1828 he often came to Priyutino estate to Olenins, because he was in love with their youngest daughter Anna Alekseevna. The road to Priyutino passed through Porokhovye. It is not excluded that on the way there Alexander Sergeevich could have dropped in to Zhernovka to see the Kramers.
We have no information that the poet visited Zhernovka. But it is known that in 1828 he often came to Priyutino estate to Olenins, because he was in love with their youngest daughter Anna Alekseevna. The road to Priyutino passed through Porokhovye. It is not excluded that on the way there Alexander Sergeevich could have dropped in to Zhernovka to see the Kramers.
1850
1859
1850
In the last third of the 18th century, under the first owners, the high society gathered in Polyustrov for dinners, balls and festivals. Even Empress Catherine II herself came here. In the XIX century, under the subsequent owners, everything began to change. Thanks to the healing mineral waters, the estate with its beautiful park began to turn into a fashionable resort, and the village of Polyustrovo, located to the north, where the estate serfs lived, became a popular vacation spot. At the same time, the influx of people gradually deprived Polyustrovo of its former aristocratic gloss.
From 1855 to 1870 the estate, also known as Kusheleva Dacha, belonged to Count Grigory Alexandrovich Kushelev-Bezborodko. It was he who hosted here Alexander Dumas-father, the author of “The Three Musketeers” and “The Count of Monte Cristo”. The writer Dmitry Vasilyevich Grigorovich, who also visited Polyustrov in the late 1850s, captured in his “Literary Memoirs” the unusual atmosphere of this estate: “This house had a strange appearance at that time, or rather, the society that was in it. It gave it the character of a caravanserai, or rather a large hotel for visitors. Here, according to the old memory, relatives came here, and beside them all sorts of foreign and Russian strangers, players, small journalists, their wives, buddies, etc. All this was housed in various compartments of the vast, once baronial, house, lived, ate, drank, played cards, and took walks in the Count's carriages, without the least embarrassment of the master, who, because of his infinite weakness of character and partly morbidity, did not interfere in anything, giving everyone complete freedom to do whatever he pleased. At the sight of any too disreputable prank or scandal, which was not infrequent, he would hurry away into the back rooms, twitch nervously, and say, “This, however, is a damnable thing!” with a nervous twitch, and then return to his guest as if he were a guest of the house. - and then returned to his guests as if nothing had happened.”
Around the estate boiled resort life. There were pavilions with drinking water and mineral baths, a coffee house and a restaurant. An extensive entertainment program with music, dances, fireworks and balloon flights was organized for those who recovered their health and simply relaxed.
In 1868 or 1870 a fire destroyed almost all local buildings. The resort was not restored. The huge estate was divided into plots for sale. Some of them were bought for the construction of industrial enterprises. This was the beginning of a new - industrial - stage of Polyustrov's history.
From 1855 to 1870 the estate, also known as Kusheleva Dacha, belonged to Count Grigory Alexandrovich Kushelev-Bezborodko. It was he who hosted here Alexander Dumas-father, the author of “The Three Musketeers” and “The Count of Monte Cristo”. The writer Dmitry Vasilyevich Grigorovich, who also visited Polyustrov in the late 1850s, captured in his “Literary Memoirs” the unusual atmosphere of this estate: “This house had a strange appearance at that time, or rather, the society that was in it. It gave it the character of a caravanserai, or rather a large hotel for visitors. Here, according to the old memory, relatives came here, and beside them all sorts of foreign and Russian strangers, players, small journalists, their wives, buddies, etc. All this was housed in various compartments of the vast, once baronial, house, lived, ate, drank, played cards, and took walks in the Count's carriages, without the least embarrassment of the master, who, because of his infinite weakness of character and partly morbidity, did not interfere in anything, giving everyone complete freedom to do whatever he pleased. At the sight of any too disreputable prank or scandal, which was not infrequent, he would hurry away into the back rooms, twitch nervously, and say, “This, however, is a damnable thing!” with a nervous twitch, and then return to his guest as if he were a guest of the house. - and then returned to his guests as if nothing had happened.”
Around the estate boiled resort life. There were pavilions with drinking water and mineral baths, a coffee house and a restaurant. An extensive entertainment program with music, dances, fireworks and balloon flights was organized for those who recovered their health and simply relaxed.
In 1868 or 1870 a fire destroyed almost all local buildings. The resort was not restored. The huge estate was divided into plots for sale. Some of them were bought for the construction of industrial enterprises. This was the beginning of a new - industrial - stage of Polyustrov's history.
1855
The Buff Theater owes its unusual name to a special musical-dramatic genre of comedy and sometimes satirical nature. The word “buff” itself comes from the Italian “buffo” (or French “bouffe”) and translates into Russian as “buffoonish”, “comic”, “funny”. Buff is a very democratic genre of theater art. It combines light music, singing, dancing, spoken language and elements of variety entertainment show, which brings it closer to operetta and musical. The boundaries between these synthetic genres are very conventional. But their popularity is unconditional! And all thanks to the famous French composer (by the way, born in Cologne) Jacques Offenbach, one of the originators of the genre of operetta. In 1855, he founded in the French capital of the musical theater “Buff-Parizien”, on the stage of which he staged several of his small works. Original, elegant and witty productions were a tremendous success with the public. The whole of Paris hummed Offenbach's melodies, and soon these marvelous sounds reached from the banks of the Seine to the banks of the Neva. As a result, St. Petersburg opened its own theater “Buff”. It hosted Russian premieres of the best operettas by European composers, outstanding domestic and foreign artists performed, and full houses were gathered. The theater survived a fire, changed several owners and addresses, but existed intermittently until the October Revolution. And then it was closed by the Bolsheviks for the bourgeois frivolity of the repertoire.
A new life to the optimistic, sparkling genre was given by theater director and teacher Isaac Romanovich Shtokbant. In 1983, together with graduates of his course of entertainers at the Leningrad State Institute of Theater, Music and Cinematography, he created the current musical-drama theater “Buff”. In 1985, the young theater group found a home on Narodnaya Street. Since 2010, the theater has been located in a specially constructed building near the intersection of Shahumyan Avenue and Zanevsky Avenue.
“I am often asked why my theater is called “Buff”, what “Buff” differs from other theaters - said Isaac Shtokbant. - In principle, nothing, except for its exceptional multi-genre. High comedy neighbors here with sharp satire, modern musical - with cabaret art. We play, sing, dance and even show tricks. “Buff” - author's theater, we have performances of plays that were born on the stage of ‘Buff’ and that you will not see in any other theater. This is our 'specialty'.
A new life to the optimistic, sparkling genre was given by theater director and teacher Isaac Romanovich Shtokbant. In 1983, together with graduates of his course of entertainers at the Leningrad State Institute of Theater, Music and Cinematography, he created the current musical-drama theater “Buff”. In 1985, the young theater group found a home on Narodnaya Street. Since 2010, the theater has been located in a specially constructed building near the intersection of Shahumyan Avenue and Zanevsky Avenue.
“I am often asked why my theater is called “Buff”, what “Buff” differs from other theaters - said Isaac Shtokbant. - In principle, nothing, except for its exceptional multi-genre. High comedy neighbors here with sharp satire, modern musical - with cabaret art. We play, sing, dance and even show tricks. “Buff” - author's theater, we have performances of plays that were born on the stage of ‘Buff’ and that you will not see in any other theater. This is our 'specialty'.
1860
1869
1860
Although the fate of the estate, located at the confluence of the Okkervil River into the Okhta River, was for many years connected with the Poltoratsky family, its name retains the surname of the last owners - Utkins. (This is all the more strange because the Poltoratskys and Utkins made different contributions to the development of the estate. It reached its heyday under Poltoratskys). It is true that for some reason it was called not Utkin's dacha, but Utkina dacha. This name conjures up an idyllic picture: overgrown green banks, water surface and, of course, a lot of ducks. Probably, once the neighborhood of Utkina dacha looked like this, but today, alas, everything is different.
1864
In the early 1850s, when the Old Believers were again persecuted by the state, their cemetery on Malaya Okhta was actually abolished. It was forbidden to bury schismatics there by decree. For the Malaya Okhta Old Believers there came a period of agelessness that lasted for more than a decade.
In 1864, the Pomor elder Kulikov, who despite everything wanted to be buried in this cemetery, filed a petition. Two months later, in December of the same year, he died. The request was reported to the Emperor, and it was graciously granted. Dmitry Alexandrovich Kulikov was laid to rest in the Maloohtinsky Old Believer cemetery, which was returned to the Pomor community in 1865.
In 1864, the Pomor elder Kulikov, who despite everything wanted to be buried in this cemetery, filed a petition. Two months later, in December of the same year, he died. The request was reported to the Emperor, and it was graciously granted. Dmitry Alexandrovich Kulikov was laid to rest in the Maloohtinsky Old Believer cemetery, which was returned to the Pomor community in 1865.
1865
The almost 30-year reign of Nicholas I was a time of severe trials for the Old Believers. Already at the end of the Nicholas era, in the early 1850s, the Malookhtinsky Old Believer cemetery was severely affected. In fact, it was abolished, as the authorities officially forbade burying schismatics there. This dealt a severe blow to the capital's Pomor community, which owned most of its territory. The Pomors were forced to bury their brothers in faith in the Volkovskoye cemetery. The owners of the Old Believers' cemetery there (and a smaller part of the Maloohtinsky schismatic cemetery) were the Fedoseyevtsy, i.e., representatives of another non-Pope concord, which, of course, caused certain friction.
The Old Believers had to make a lot of effort to get their cemetery on Malaya Okhta resumed. They repeatedly petitioned for this, but the collective petition of the rich merchants of Pomerania seems to have played a decisive role. In 1865, by personal permission of Alexander II, the cemetery was returned to the Pomor community. It is difficult to imagine what significance this event had for the Pomors. In his book “Pietershchiks. Russian capitalism. The First Attempt” Lev Yakovlevich Lurie quotes the words of St. Petersburg journalist Nikolai Alexandrovich Skrobotov, who in 1881 published in the newspaper ‘Petersburg Listok’ several essays on St. Petersburg Old Believers. Telling about the revival of the Malokhtinsky stronghold of Old Believers, Skrobotov noted that “one of the mentioned trustees, when allowing the dead to be buried again in the Pomor cemetery, obtained permission to dig his father's coffin out of the grave and moved it from the Fedoseevsky cemetery to the Pomor cemetery. Then the example of this trustee was followed by other Pomors.
The Old Believers had to make a lot of effort to get their cemetery on Malaya Okhta resumed. They repeatedly petitioned for this, but the collective petition of the rich merchants of Pomerania seems to have played a decisive role. In 1865, by personal permission of Alexander II, the cemetery was returned to the Pomor community. It is difficult to imagine what significance this event had for the Pomors. In his book “Pietershchiks. Russian capitalism. The First Attempt” Lev Yakovlevich Lurie quotes the words of St. Petersburg journalist Nikolai Alexandrovich Skrobotov, who in 1881 published in the newspaper ‘Petersburg Listok’ several essays on St. Petersburg Old Believers. Telling about the revival of the Malokhtinsky stronghold of Old Believers, Skrobotov noted that “one of the mentioned trustees, when allowing the dead to be buried again in the Pomor cemetery, obtained permission to dig his father's coffin out of the grave and moved it from the Fedoseevsky cemetery to the Pomor cemetery. Then the example of this trustee was followed by other Pomors.
1870
1879
1875
It is no secret that during its existence, the Okhta Gunpowder Plant has experienced many fires and explosions that resulted in human casualties. As a rule, those who died as a result of emergencies at this extremely dangerous production facility were buried at the Porokhovsky cemetery, the fate of which is closely connected with the history of the plant. However, there were some exceptions, including quite remarkable ones.
On February 16, 1875, about 12 and more kilometers south of the plant, on the other side of the Neva River, the Jewish cemetery was inaugurated in a large crowd. It was founded as a separate section of the Preobrazhensky cemetery (now the cemetery commemorating the victims of January 9), and later became an independent cemetery. Regular burials at the newly opened cemetery began only two weeks later. The point is that according to ancient Jewish tradition, a person is not buried alone if no one else is buried in that place. Judaism forbids condemning the soul of the deceased to loneliness in the afterlife. In order to properly “start” the cemetery, two people had to be buried at once, but such a case did not present itself. However, as you have already realized, we did not have to wait long.
On February 28, 1875, there was an explosion at the Okhta gunpowder factory, the victims of which were Jews Berka Burak and Moshka Frisno. They were buried in a single grave, which became the first in the Jewish Cemetery in St. Petersburg. This double grave has survived to this day. It is located very close to the prayer house (House of Washing and Repose). On a modest stele of sandstone, made in the form of a tablet, in two languages is carved: “Berka Burak. Gnat Frisno. Laboratory technicians of the Ochten gunpowder factory, 23 years old. Died in a laboratory explosion on February 28, 15 Adar and buried in the cemetery on March 2, 1875.”
Surprisingly, the explosion that claimed the lives of these young men is not mentioned in the list of gunpowder explosions for the period from 1816 to 1890, which is contained in K. I. Kamenev's “Historical Description of the Okhtensk Powder Plant”. (The year 1875, which forever connected the enterprise with the Jewish cemetery, does not appear in this list at all). We can only guess about the reasons for the lack of information about this tragic incident. Unfortunately, we do not know anything about the dead porochodels themselves.
On February 16, 1875, about 12 and more kilometers south of the plant, on the other side of the Neva River, the Jewish cemetery was inaugurated in a large crowd. It was founded as a separate section of the Preobrazhensky cemetery (now the cemetery commemorating the victims of January 9), and later became an independent cemetery. Regular burials at the newly opened cemetery began only two weeks later. The point is that according to ancient Jewish tradition, a person is not buried alone if no one else is buried in that place. Judaism forbids condemning the soul of the deceased to loneliness in the afterlife. In order to properly “start” the cemetery, two people had to be buried at once, but such a case did not present itself. However, as you have already realized, we did not have to wait long.
On February 28, 1875, there was an explosion at the Okhta gunpowder factory, the victims of which were Jews Berka Burak and Moshka Frisno. They were buried in a single grave, which became the first in the Jewish Cemetery in St. Petersburg. This double grave has survived to this day. It is located very close to the prayer house (House of Washing and Repose). On a modest stele of sandstone, made in the form of a tablet, in two languages is carved: “Berka Burak. Gnat Frisno. Laboratory technicians of the Ochten gunpowder factory, 23 years old. Died in a laboratory explosion on February 28, 15 Adar and buried in the cemetery on March 2, 1875.”
Surprisingly, the explosion that claimed the lives of these young men is not mentioned in the list of gunpowder explosions for the period from 1816 to 1890, which is contained in K. I. Kamenev's “Historical Description of the Okhtensk Powder Plant”. (The year 1875, which forever connected the enterprise with the Jewish cemetery, does not appear in this list at all). We can only guess about the reasons for the lack of information about this tragic incident. Unfortunately, we do not know anything about the dead porochodels themselves.
1879
As far as can be seen, the vast territory of the Rzhevskoye artillery range has no settlements and is off-limits to civilians and civilian vehicles, since ship and coastal guns are regularly fired there. Some of these guns can hit targets up to several dozen kilometers away.
Only one public road runs through the Rzhevsky range, if you believe the ubiquitous cyclists. It connects the villages of Borisova Griva and Matoksa, located in the Vsevolozhsk district of the Leningrad region. Along this road, on the St. Petersburg side, there is an earthen rampart 10 meters high to prevent low-flying projectiles from hitting passing vehicles.
Only one public road runs through the Rzhevsky range, if you believe the ubiquitous cyclists. It connects the villages of Borisova Griva and Matoksa, located in the Vsevolozhsk district of the Leningrad region. Along this road, on the St. Petersburg side, there is an earthen rampart 10 meters high to prevent low-flying projectiles from hitting passing vehicles.
1880
1889
1887
The presence of Novocherkassky Avenue and Novocherkasskaya metro station on the map of St. Petersburg causes bewilderment for the uninitiated. What connection does the Northern Capital have with Novocherkassk, the capital of the Don Cossacks? In this case - almost none. St. Petersburg owes these two toponyms to the Novocherkassk Regiment, which was stationed on Malaya Okhta in 1877-1918. In 1887, the street where the barracks of this regiment stood (and still stands) was named Novocherkasskaya. At that time it was small. In 1903 the street grew and became an avenue. Novocherkasskiy Avenue acquired its modern borders in 1956. In 1983, the avenue was renamed Krasnogvardeysky, and in 1985, at its intersection with Zanevsky Avenue (under Zanevskaya Square) opened a subway station with the same name - “Krasnogvardeyskaya”. The avenue became Novocherkasskiy again in 1990. And the metro station was “rechristened” in 1992.
1890
1899
1890
The first time you see the monument to the dead gunpowder makers at the Porokhovsky Cemetery, you will surely pay attention to its unusual pedestal. The base of the monument, opened in 1890, consists of fourteen stone millstones for making gunpowder. These millstones are real, moreover, ancient. Since 1791 they have been lying at the foot of the dam of the Okhta Gunpowder Factory, protecting the river bed from erosion, and were removed from the water almost a hundred years later. The majestic composition is crowned by a massive granite cross remotely reminiscent of a Celtic cross.
- 1710
- 1720
- 1730
- 1790
- 1800
- 1810
- 1820
- 1850
- 1860
- 1870
- 1880
- 1890